What is the difference between active and passive range of motion?

• A. Passive ROM is movement performed by another person or device; Active ROM is motion generated by the patient
• B. Active ROM requires a device
• C. Passive ROM is self-initiated
• D. Both are the same

Answer: (A)

Active range of motion is the movement produced by the patient using their own muscles and control. Passive range of motion is when someone else, such as a clinician, or a device, moves the joint for the patient while the patient stays relaxed. This distinction matters because active ROM reflects muscle strength and neuromuscular control, while passive ROM reflects joint and soft-tissue flexibility. If active ROM is reduced but passive ROM is normal, the limitation points to weakness or poor motor control. If both active and passive ROM are reduced, there may be a joint or soft-tissue restriction. In rehab, you often start with passive ROM when active movement isn’t possible and progress to active ROM as strength and control improve.